Análisis del Género Discursivo Aplicado a la Clasificación Automática de la Polaridad en Comentarios sobre Productos

This thesis is about polarity analysis of reviews, that is, classifying reviews as either positive or negative based on linguistic evidence. I describe a genre-based approach for the polarity analysis of customer reviews. Genre is characterized by a schematic structure of the discourse composed of different types of stages, each one with a goal-oriented function. This approach to polarity analysis, first, distinguishes stages in the genre of reviews and, subsequently, evaluates the usefulness of each type of stage in the determination of the polarity of the entire review. The thesis is broadly divided into two parts. In the first part, I characterize customer reviews as a discursive genre by analyzing both their structure and their linguistic register. Based on these analysis, I postulate that customer reviews are composed of three main types of stages: valorative, narrative and descriptive. In the second part of the thesis, I determine the usefulness of the different type of stages for the classification of positive and negative reviews. The rationale behind our approach is the assumption that within the specific genre of customer reviews, not all parts of a text contribute equally to expressing the underlying sentiment. In order to validate this hypothesis, I evaluate three alternative methods used to automatically detect and determine the usefulness of each type of stage in the detection of the polarity of the entire review. The first method applies lexical and morphosyntactic information to identify the type of stage that best expresses the polarity of the whole review. The second method analyzes the role played by narrative chains in determining the polarity of reviews. The third method is based on the measurement of syntactic complexity to detect and remove descriptive sentences with the opposite polarity to that of the entire document (asymmetric sentences) as a previous step to identify positive and negative reviews. The main conclusion that has been drawn is that there is a relationship between the types of stages and the polarity expressed in the review: users often employ stages differently according to whether its polarity is positive or negative. These differences in use of stages leads me to the conclusion that there are two (sub)genres, rather than one, for the expression of opinions on the Web: the (sub)genre of positive reviews and the (sub)genre of negative reviews.